The Jaintias, a major tribe of Meghalaya who call themselves Pnars, reside primarily in the Jaintia Hills, a region once known as the Jaintia Kingdom. Tracing their origins to a migration from the banks of the River Mekong in Cambodia via Burma, the Jaintias have maintained a distinct culture rooted in their history and unique social structure.
History of Resistance
The peaceful Jaintia Kingdom, originally a land of “12 Dollois” (administrative units), was annexed by the British in 1835. This act of foreign subjugation led to a powerful rebellion in 1861, spearheaded by the heroic leader U Kiang Nangbah. Though the revolt was suppressed and Nangbah was hanged on December 30, 1862, he became an immortal martyr whose sacrifice is commemorated at the monument in Syntu Ksiar.
Matrilineal Pillars of Society
Perhaps the most defining feature of the Jaintias is their matrilineal system. The mother is considered the fountainhead and the sole custodian of all property, which is passed down to the youngest daughter. The society is democratic, lacks a social hierarchy, and considers marriage within the same clan to be an unforgivable offense.
Culture and Economy
Traditional life revolves around agriculture, with many rural Jaintias practicing Jhum cultivation (shifting cultivation). Additionally, coal deposits in the Jaintia Hills are a vital resource, supporting the local economy. Culturally, the Jaintias have their own dialect (without a script) and practice traditional sports like archery and dances such as the Tiger’s Dance.
In terms of faith, the Jaintias follow Niamtre, their traditional religion which advocates earning one’s living through righteousness. However, the influence of Hinduism (evident in ancient Durga and Shiva temples) and Christianity (which took deep root after British annexation) is also prominent.
The Jaintia society, which once had a three-tier administrative system including the hereditary ‘Dolloi-ship,’ is now governed by the Autonomous Hills District Council, ensuring that their ancient traditional values continue to blend with modernity.
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